Python Qt4 - part 006.

Today I will deal with QFileDialog widget.
You can read the more about this widget here.
This allows us to open a dialog to load a resource - a file.
The example comes with the base PyQt4 application window with a my_example dialog from fileDialogSample python class.
Into this python class, I have some variable for the file: file_name, data and my_file_open.
The my_text_edit for text area and my_button to open the QFileDialog.
Also, the vbox variable to put all on QVBoxLayout from the application.
Let's see the example:

import sys
from PyQt4 import QtGui
from PyQt4 import QtCore

class fileDialogSample(QtGui.QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        QtGui.QWidget.__init__(self)

        #make text area and button
        self.my_text_edit = QtGui.QTextEdit()
        self.my_button = QtGui.QPushButton('Select File', self)

        #open the showDialog
        self.my_button.clicked.connect(self.showDialog)

        #put all into application area
        vbox = QtGui.QVBoxLayout()
        vbox.addWidget(self.my_text_edit)
        vbox.addWidget(self.my_button)
        self.setLayout(vbox)

        #set title and geometry of application
        self.setWindowTitle('File Dialog example')
        self.setGeometry(50, 50, 300, 300)

    #make a function with seeting for my QFileDialog
    def showDialog(self):
        file_name = QtGui.QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(self, 'Open file', 'C://')
        my_file_open = open(file_name)
        data = my_file_open.read()
        self.my_text_edit.setText(data)
        my_file_open.close()

#run the application 
app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
my_dialog = fileDialogSample()
my_dialog.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())

Now, just press the Select File button, take a text file and open it.

Python Qt4 - part 005.

Another example with PyQt4 that allow seeing images over the internet.
Here's another simple example with PyQt4 that allows you to view images on the internet.
You can use any image on the internet to display with this python script.
This example is done in two steps:

• take a single image from the internet - httplib python module;
• displaying - PyQt4 python module

from PyQt4 import QtGui
import sys
import httplib

def getTempPNG():
   conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("www.meteoromania.ro")
   conn.request("GET", "/sateliti/img/id814/id814_2017070718.png")
   return conn.getresponse().read()

def main():
   app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
   png = getTempPNG()
   pixmap = QtGui.QPixmap()
   pixmap.loadFromData(png)
   label = QtGui.QLabel()
   label.setPixmap(pixmap)
   label.setWindowTitle('METEOSAT-10 Thermal Infrared Channel 10.8 micrometers Glowing temperature')
   label.show()
   app.exec_()

if __name__ == '__main__':
   main()

The result can be seen in this screenshot:

Python Qt4 - part 004.

Another tutorial about PyQt4 with QLCDNumber widget displays a number with LCD-like digits.
This tutorial will show you how to deal with this widget.
First, you need to know more about QLCDNumber, so take a look here.
The first example is very simple and will show just one digit, see:

import sys
from PyQt4.QtCore import *
from PyQt4.QtGui import *

class Digit(QWidget):

    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        QWidget.__init__(self, parent)
        self.setWindowTitle("One digit")
        lcd = QLCDNumber(self)

app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ls = Digit()
ls.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())

Now, the next step is to send data to this digit.
One good example is with one slider.
The position of the slider will be send to the QLCDNumber.
How can do that? Will need a vbox to put the QLCDNumber and the slider and then using signal and slot.
Let's see the example:

import sys
from PyQt4.QtCore import *
from PyQt4.QtGui import *
class Digit(QWidget):

    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        QWidget.__init__(self, parent)
        #make widgets
        self.setWindowTitle("One digit with slider")
        lcd = QLCDNumber(self)
        slider = QSlider(Qt.Horizontal, self)
        #set layout variable vbox
        vbox = QVBoxLayout()
        #add widgests
        vbox.addWidget(lcd)
        vbox.addWidget(slider)
        #set the vbox to layout
        self.setLayout(vbox)
        #create signal to slot
        self.connect(slider, SIGNAL("valueChanged(int)"),lcd, SLOT("display(int)"))
        self.resize(200, 170)
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    ls = Digit()
    ls.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

In the source code in the example, you can see the comments that mark the steps of creating and executing the python script.
Let's try another example with a digital clock:

import sys
from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui

class digital_clock(QtGui.QLCDNumber):
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        super(digital_clock, self).__init__(parent)
        self.setSegmentStyle(QtGui.QLCDNumber.Filled)
        #the defaul is 5 , change to 8 for seconds
        self.setDigitCount(5)
        self.setWindowTitle("Digital Clock")
        self.resize(200, 70)
        timer = QtCore.QTimer(self)
        timer.timeout.connect(self.showTime)
        timer.start(1000)
        self.showTime()

    def showTime(self):
        time = QtCore.QTime.currentTime()
        text = time.toString('hh:mm')
        #if you setDigitsCount to 8
        #uncomment the next line of code
        #text = time.toString('hh:mm:ss')
        if (time.second() % 2) == 0:
            text = text[:2] + ' ' + text[3:]
        self.display(text)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
    clock = digital_clock()
    clock.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

If you want to see seconds, then you need to set the digit count of the LCD to 8 ( it's 5 by default) of setDigitCount.
Also you need to uncomment this line of code: text = time.toString('hh:mm:ss') and comment the old one.
You can solve multiple issues with this widget, like: stopwatch, timer, clock down timer ...

Python Qt4 - part 003.

Today I've taken a simple example with PyQt4 compared to the other tutorials we have done so far.
The main reason was to understand and use PyQt4 to display an important message.
To make this example I have set the following steps for my python program.

• importing python modules
• creating the application in PyQt4 as a tray icon class
• establishing an exit from the application
• setting up a message to display
• display the message over a period of time
• closing the application
• running the python application

Let's see my source code of my python application:

#! /usr/bin/env python
import sys
from PyQt4 import QtGui, QtCore

class SystemTrayIcon(QtGui.QSystemTrayIcon):
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        QtGui.QSystemTrayIcon.__init__(self, parent)
        self.setIcon(QtGui.QIcon("mess.svg"))
        menu = QtGui.QMenu(parent)
        exitAction = menu.addAction("Exit")
        self.setContextMenu(menu)
        QtCore.QObject.connect(exitAction,QtCore.SIGNAL('triggered()'), self.exit)

    def click_trap(self, value):
        if value == self.Trigger: #left click!
            self.left_menu.exec_(QtGui.QCursor.pos())

    def welcome(self):
        self.showMessage("Hello user!", "This is a message from PyQT4")

    def show(self):
        QtGui.QSystemTrayIcon.show(self)
        QtCore.QTimer.singleShot(600, self.welcome)

    def exit(self):
        QtCore.QCoreApplication.exit()

def main():
    app = QtGui.QApplication([])
    tray = SystemTrayIcon()
    tray.show()
    app.exec_()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

I used PyQt4 python module to make the application and sys python module for exit from application.
About running application: the main function will run the application.
The python class SystemTrayIcon will work only if we used QApplication to make like any application.
This is the reason I used the variable app.
The tray variable is used to run it like tray icon application.
Into the SystemTrayIcon class, I put some functions to help me with my issue.
Under __init__ I used all settings for my tray icon application: the icon, the exit menu, signal for the exit.
The next functions come with:

• click_trap - take the click of the user ;
• welcome - make a message to display;
• show - display the welcome message;
• exit - exit from the application

The result of my python script is this message:

About the showMessage then this helps you:

QSystemTrayIcon.showMessage (self, QString title, QString msg, MessageIcon icon = QSystemTrayIcon.Information, int msecs = 10000)

Shows a balloon message for the entry with the given title, message and icon for the time specified in millisecondsTimeoutHint. title and message must be plain text strings.
The message can be clicked by the user; the messageClicked() signal will be emitted when this occurs.
Note that the display of messages is dependent on the system configuration and user preferences and that messages may not appear at all. Hence, it should not be relied upon as the sole means for providing critical information.
On Windows, the millisecondsTimeoutHint is usually ignored by the system when the application has focus.
On Mac OS X, the Growl notification system must be installed for this function to display messages.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.3.

The pdb python interactive debugging - part 001.

This is a short intro tutorial on python debugger to summarize this topic related to Python.
According to the development team, this python module called pdb has the following objectives:
The module pdb defines an interactive source code debugger for Python programs. It supports setting (conditional) breakpoints and single stepping at the source line level, inspection of stack frames, source code listing, and evaluation of arbitrary Python code in the context of any stack frame. It also supports post-mortem debugging and can be called under program control.

Let's start it with some example:

C:\Python27>python
Python 2.7.13 (v2.7.13:a06454b1afa1, Dec 17 2016, 20:42:59) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pdb
>>> pdb.pm()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
  File "C:\Python27\lib\pdb.py", line 1270, in pm
    post_mortem(sys.last_traceback)
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'last_traceback'
>>> import os
>>> pdb.pm()
> c:\python27\lib\pdb.py(1270)pm()
-> post_mortem(sys.last_traceback)
(Pdb) ?

Documented commands (type help ):
========================================
EOF    bt         cont      enable  jump  pp       run      unt
a      c          continue  exit    l     q        s        until
alias  cl         d         h       list  quit     step     up
args   clear      debug     help    n     r        tbreak   w
b      commands   disable   ignore  next  restart  u        whatis
break  condition  down      j       p     return   unalias  where

Miscellaneous help topics:
==========================
exec  pdb

Undocumented commands:
======================
retval  rv

As you can see, this module will work correctly with just another python module. In the example presented above is the os python module.
With the argument? we can see the commands that we can execute.
Let's see the list command ( l ):

(Pdb) l
1265        p = Pdb()
1266        p.reset()
1267        p.interaction(None, t)
1268
1269    def pm():
1270 ->     post_mortem(sys.last_traceback)
1271
1272
1273    # Main program for testing
1274
1275    TESTCMD = 'import x; x.main()'

You can see the pm function loaded by pdb python module.
Post-mortem debugging is a method that requires an environment that provides dynamic execution of code.
One of the greatest benefits of post-mortem debugging is that you can use it directly after something has gone wrong.
You can move between frames within the current call stack using up and down.
This moves towards older frames on the stack.
The debugger prints the current location with where, see example:

(Pdb) where
  (1)()
> c:\python27\lib\pdb.py(1270)pm()
-> post_mortem(sys.last_traceback)

To execute the current line and then stop at the next execution point use step.
The until command can be used to step past the end of a loop.
Use break command used for setting breakpoints, example: (Pdb) break 4.
Turning off a breakpoint with disabling tells the debugger not to stop when that line is reached, example: (Pdb) disable 1.
Also, we can have the other breakpoints like conditional breakpoints and temporary breakpoint.
Use clear to delete a breakpoint entirely.
Changing execution flow with the jump command lets you alter the flow of your program.
The jump can be ahead and back and moves the point of execution past the location without evaluating any of the statements in between.
We can also have illegal jumps in and out of certain flow control statements prevented by the debugger.
When the debugger reaches the end of your program, it automatically starts it over.
With run command, the program can be restarted.
We can avoid typing complex commands repeatedly by using alias and unalias to define the shortcuts.
The pdb python module lets you save configuration using text files read and interpreted on startup.

Blender 3D - bpy and scripting - part 001.

The tutorial for today is bpy python module used by Blender 3D software for scripting.
The last Application Programming Interface (A.P.I.) for Blender 3D can be found here.
You need to take a look at the link to see the base of this python module.
The example I will start today is a python script that helps me to deal with Blender 3D.
First I put the script named catafest.py into Blender 3D path: C:\Program Files\Blender Foundation\Blender\2.78\python\lib.
The reason is to be load by Blender 3D application.
Let's start with the script:
First, you need to import the Blender 3D python module named bpy.
This allows us to deal with Blender 3D using python and Application Programming Interface (A.P.I.).
The script is an example not a lib script for Blender 3D.
The goal of this script is to show how to deal with python scripting into Blender 3D.
If you want to make a lib for the Blender 3D then you need to read about Python’s standard library - here.
My script just creates materials. To do that I used functions to make materials - mat, set the material to the object - set_mat and the run function to see how is working.
Let's see the python script:

import bpy

def mat(name,df_col,df_sh,df_int,sp_col,sp_sh,sp_int,alp,amb):
    mat = bpy.data.materials.new(name)
    mat.diffuse_color = df_col
    mat.diffuse_shader = df_sh
    mat.diffuse_intensity = df_int
    mat.specular_color = sp_col
    mat.specular_shader = sp_sh
    mat.specular_intensity = sp_int
    mat.alpha = alp
    mat.ambient = amb
    return mat

def set_mat(ob, mat):
    me = ob.data
    me.materials.append(mat)

def run(origin):
    # create two materials
    red = mat('Red', (1,0,0),'LAMBERT',1.0,(1,1,1),'COOKTORR',0.5, 1,1)
    blue = mat('Green', (0,1,0),'LAMBERT',1.0,(0,0.5,0.5),'COOKTORR',0.5, 1, 0.5)

    # create red cube
    bpy.ops.mesh.primitive_cube_add(location=origin)
    set_mat(bpy.context.object, red)
    # create a green torus
    bpy.ops.mesh.primitive_torus_add(location=origin)
    bpy.ops.transform.translate(value=(1,0,0))
    set_mat(bpy.context.object, blue)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    run((0,0,0))

To run this script put the script into the lib path of Blender 3D software.
Open the Blender 3D and go to the scripting area:

Now about the source code of this script.
As you know the Blender 3D interface let you add and change objects and materials.
Each material comes with a name, colors with a diffuse and specular property, alpha color, ambient color, etc. see the documentation.
Some values come like strings and can get it from Blender 3D interface, see:
diffuse_shader 

and the
specular_shader
.
The set_mat function just load one object using: me = ob.data
Then put the material to object using append function.
The run function is used to show the result with how to make materials, create objects with this materials.
I run into Blender 3D - Console area:

YTHON INTERACTIVE CONSOLE 3.5.2 (default, Dec  1 2016, 20:58:16) [MSC v.1800 64 bit (AMD64)]

Command History:     Up/Down Arrow
Cursor:              Left/Right Home/End
Remove:              Backspace/Delete
Execute:             Enter
Autocomplete:        Ctrl-Space
Zoom:                Ctrl +/-, Ctrl-Wheel
Builtin Modules:     bpy, bpy.data, bpy.ops, bpy.props, bpy.types, bpy.context, bpy.utils, bgl, blf, mathutils
Convenience Imports: from mathutils import *; from math import *
Convenience Variables: C = bpy.context, D = bpy.data

>>> import catafest 
>>> dir(catafest)
['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
 'bpy', 'mat', 'run', 'set_mat']

>>> catafest.run((0,0,0))

This is the result of the script:

The Google API Client Library python module.

This python module named Google API Client Library for Python is a client library for accessing the Plus, Moderator, and many other Google APIs, according to the official link.

C:\Python27\Scripts>pip install --upgrade google-api-python-client
Collecting google-api-python-client
  Downloading google_api_python_client-1.6.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (52kB)
    100% |################################| 61kB 426kB/s
...
Successfully installed google-api-python-client-1.6.2 ...

The example I used is this:

from oauth2client.client import flow_from_clientsecrets
import httplib2
import apiclient
from apiclient.discovery import build
from oauth2client.file import Storage
import webbrowser

def get_credentials():
    scope = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/blogger'
    flow = flow_from_clientsecrets(
        'client_id.json', scope,
        redirect_uri='urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob')
    storage = Storage('credentials.dat')
    credentials = storage.get()

    if  not credentials or credentials.invalid:
        auth_uri = flow.step1_get_authorize_url()
        webbrowser.open(auth_uri)
        auth_code = raw_input('Enter the auth code: ')
        credentials = flow.step2_exchange(auth_code)
        storage.put(credentials)
    return credentials

def get_service():
    """Returns an authorised blogger api service."""
    credentials = get_credentials()
    http = httplib2.Http()
    http = credentials.authorize(http)
    service = apiclient.discovery.build('blogger', 'v3', http=http)
    return service

if __name__ == '__main__':
    served = get_service()
    print dir(served.blogs)
    users = served.users()

    # Retrieve this user's profile information
    thisuser = users.get(userId='self').execute()
    print('This user\'s display name is: %s' % thisuser['displayName'].encode('utf-8'))

    blogs = served.blogs()

    # Retrieve the list of Blogs this user has write privileges on
    thisusersblogs = blogs.listByUser(userId='self').execute()
    for blog in thisusersblogs['items']:
        print('The blog named \'%s\' is at: %s' % (blog['name'], blog['url']))

The result of this script is this:

C:\Python27>python.exe google_001.py
['__call__', '__class__', '__cmp__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__func__', 

'__get__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__is_resource__', '__new__', 

'__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__self__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', 

'__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'im_class', 'im_func', 'im_self']
This user's display name is: Cătălin George Feștilă
The blog named 'python-catalin' is at: http://python-catalin.blogspot.com/
The blog named 'graphics' is at: http://graphic-3d.blogspot.com/
The blog named 'About me and my life ...' is at: http://catalin-festila.blogspot.com/
The blog named 'pygame-catalin' is at: http://pygame-catalin.blogspot.com/

About google settings then you need to have a google account to use Google’s API.
The first step for accessing the Google Developer’s Console.
Then navigate to the Developer Console’s projects page and create a new project for our application by clicking the Create project button and then enable blogger API.
Enter your projects name and hit create.
Click the Go to Credentials button with these settings like in the next image:

Download this credential information in JSON format, in this case, is the client_id.json file.
When you run for the first time this script you will see an open HTML page with your auth code.
The script example named google_001.py will come with this message:

C:\Python27>python.exe google_001.py
C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\oauth2client\_helpers.py:255: UserWarning: Cannot access credentials.dat: No such file or directory
  warnings.warn(_MISSING_FILE_MESSAGE.format(filename))
Enter the auth code:

Put this auth code and allow the script using the open page and your google account using Allow button.
Now you can run the example.

The pyquery python module.

This tutorial is about pyquery python module and python 2.7.13 version.
First I used pip command to install it.

C:\Python27>cd Scripts

C:\Python27\Scripts>pip install pyquery
Collecting pyquery
  Downloading pyquery-1.2.17-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: lxml>=2.1 in c:\python27\lib\site-packages (from pyquery)
Requirement already satisfied: cssselect>0.7.9 in c:\python27\lib\site-packages (from pyquery)
Installing collected packages: pyquery
Successfully installed pyquery-1.2.17

I try to install with pip and python 3.4 version but I got errors.
The development team tells us about this python module:
pyquery allows you to make jquery queries on xml documents. The API is as much as possible the similar to jquery. pyquery uses lxml for fast xml and html manipulation.
Let's try a simple example of this python module.
The base of this example is found links by HTML tag.

from pyquery import PyQuery
 
seeds = [
    'https://twitter.com',
    'http://google.com'
]
 
crawl_frontiers = []
 
def start_crawler():
    crawl_frontiers = crawler_seeds()
 
    print(crawl_frontiers)
 
def crawler_seeds():
    frontiers = []
    for index, seed in enumerate(seeds):
        frontier = {index: read_links(seed)}
        frontiers.append(frontier)
 
    return frontiers
 
def read_links(seed):
    crawler = PyQuery(seed)
    return [crawler(tag_a).attr("href") for tag_a in crawler("a")]
 
start_crawler()

The read_links function takes links from seeds array.
To do that, I need to read the links and put in into another array crawl_frontiers.
The frontiers array is used just for crawler process.
Also, this simple example allows you to understand better the arrays.
You can read more about this python module here.

Translate with goslate python module .

This python module comes with many features and this is the main reason I make this tutorial.
We can read about this python module here.
Google has updated its translation service recently with a ticket mechanism to prevent simple crawler program like goslate from accessing.
Though a more sophisticated crawler may still work technically, however it would have crossed the fine line between using the service and breaking the service. goslate will not be updated to break google’s ticket mechanism. Free lunch is over. Thanks for using.

Let's install this python module with python 2.7 version and pip:

C:\Python27>cd Scripts

C:\Python27\Scripts>pip install goslate
Collecting goslate
  Downloading goslate-1.5.1.tar.gz
Requirement already satisfied: futures in c:\python27\lib\site-packages (from goslate)
Installing collected packages: goslate
  Running setup.py install for goslate ... done
Successfully installed goslate-1.5.1

Let's test a simple example from English to Romanian:

C:\Python27>python.exe
Python 2.7.13 (v2.7.13:a06454b1afa1, Dec 17 2016, 20:42:59) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import goslate
>>> gs = goslate.Goslate()
>>> print(gs.translate('I\'m not here','ro'))
Eu nu sunt aici

Using detail dictionary explanation for a single word/phrase:

>>> gs.lookup_dictionary('internet', 'ro')
[[[u'Internet', u'internet', None, None, 2]], [[u'noun', [u'Internet'], [[u'Internet', 
[u'Internet'], None, 0.43686765]], u'Internet', 1]], u'en', None, None, None, 0.73151749,
 None, [[u'en'], None, [0.73151749], [u'en']]]

In my opinion, I have no idea what they might use, perhaps in chat applications, specific translations, and text detection.

Python Qt4 - part 002.

This tutorial covers only part of the practice of using G.U.I. (graphical user interface) elements in PyQt4.
First of all, I will start with the theory and then I will simply exemplify how these work.
There are three basic elements called: Event, Signal, and Slot.
Since all GUI applications are driven by events, we will have several elements interconnected with signals and slots.
What do we need to know?
Events are generated mainly by the user of an application into the event processing system.
The event processing system in PyQt4 is built with the signal and slot mechanism.
The event processing system is an event model with three participants:

• event source 
• event object 
• event target 

Signals and slots are used for communication between objects.
A signal is emitted when something of potential interest happens.
If a signal is connected to a slot then the slot is called when the signal is emitted.
Rules of signals and slots:

• A signal may be connected to many slots.
• A signal may also be connected to another signal.
• Signal arguments may be any Python type.
• A slot may be connected to many signals.
• Connections may be direct (ie. synchronous) or queued (ie. asynchronous).
• Connections may be made across threads.
• Signals may be disconnected.

A signal (specifically an unbound signal) is an attribute of a class that is a subclass of QObject.
Signals are connected to slots using the connect() method of a bound signal.
Signals are disconnected from slots using the disconnect() method of a bound signal.
Signals are emitted from using the emit() method of a bound signal.
Example of a signal used into the myclassapp PyQt4 application:
I create a new signal called closeApp.

closeApp = QtCore.pyqtSignal()

This signal is emitted during a mouse press event.

def mousePressEvent(self, event):
    self.myclassapp.closeApp.emit()

The signal is connected to the close() slot of the QtGui.QMainWindow.

self.myclassapp.closeApp.connect(self.close)

I did not show the entire example here because the reason was to show the direct connection between the signal, the event and the slot.
The events are functions or methods are executed in response to user’s actions like clicking on a button, selecting an item from a collection or a mouse click etc.
Another simple example with o application with two buttons:

import sys
from PyQt4.QtCore import *
from PyQt4.QtGui import *

def window():
   app = QApplication(sys.argv)
   win = QDialog()
   mybutton1= QPushButton(win)
   mybutton1.setText("Button1")
   mybutton1.move(50,20)
   mybutton1.clicked.connect(mybutton1_clicked)

   mybutton2= QPushButton(win)
   mybutton2.setText("Button2")
   mybutton2.move(50,50)
   QObject.connect(mybutton2,SIGNAL("clicked()"),mybutton2_clicked)

   win.setGeometry(100,100,200,100)
   win.setWindowTitle("PyQt Event Signal Slot")
   win.show()
   sys.exit(app.exec_())

def mybutton1_clicked():
   print "Button 1 clicked"

def mybutton2_clicked():
   print "Button 2 clicked"

if __name__ == '__main__':
   window()

The result of clicking on these buttons is something like that:

Button 2 clicked
Button 2 clicked
Button 1 clicked
Button 1 clicked
Button 1 clicked
Button 2 clicked
Button 1 clicked
Button 2 clicked

All widgets used to build the G.U.I. (graphical user interface) act as the source of such events, see the mybutton1 source code part.
Now about this part of the source code, I just used to exemplify how the signals are connected to the slots:

QObject.connect(mybutton2,SIGNAL("clicked()"),mybutton2_clicked)

So each PyQt widget (which is derived from QObject class) is designed to emit a signal in response to one or more events.
The signal on its own does not perform any action. Instead, it is connected to a slot. The slot can be any callable Python function.
And this part of the source code is exemplified with mybutton2.
Signals are complex due to their use (how they are used).
More theory about the signals.
To send a signal across threads we have to use the Qt.QueuedConnection parameter.
There is also a special form of a PyQt4 signal known as a short-circuit signal.
The short-circuit signals implicitly declare each argument as being of type PyQt_PyObject.
Short-circuit signals do not have a list of arguments or the surrounding parentheses.
Short-circuit signals may only be connected to slots that have been implemented in Python.
They cannot be connected to Qt slots or the Python callables that wrap Qt slots.
The older style of connecting signals and slots will continue to be supported throughout the life of PyQt4.

Python Qt4 - part 001.

Today I started with PyQt4 and python version :

Python 2.7.13 (v2.7.13:a06454b1afa1, Dec 17 2016, 20:42:59) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32

To install PyQt4 I used this link to take the executable named: PyQt4-4.11.4-gpl-Py2.7-Qt4.8.7-x32.exe.
The name of this executable shows us: can be used with python 2.7.x versions and come with Qt4.8.7 for our 32-bit python.
I start with a default Example class to make a calculator interface with PyQt4.
This is my example:

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import sys
from PyQt4 import QtGui

"""
Qt.Gui calculator example
"""

class Example(QtGui.QWidget):
    
    def __init__(self):
        super(Example, self).__init__()
        
        self.initUI()
        
    def initUI(self):
 title = QtGui.QLabel('Title')
        titleEdit = QtGui.QLineEdit()
        grid = QtGui.QGridLayout()
 grid.setSpacing(10)

 grid.addWidget(title, 0, 0)

 grid.addWidget(titleEdit,0,1,1,4)

        self.setLayout(grid)
 
        names = ['Cls', 'Bck', 'OFF',
                 '/', '.', '7', '8',
                '9', '*', 'SQR', '3',
                 '4', '5', '-', '=',
                '0', '1', '2', '+']
        
        positions = [(i,j) for i in range(1,5) for j in range(0,5)]
        
        for position, name in zip(positions, names):
            
            if name == '':
                continue
            button = QtGui.QPushButton(name)
            grid.addWidget(button, *position)
            
        self.move(300, 250)
        self.setWindowTitle('Calculator')
        self.show()
        
def main():
    app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
    ex = Example()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

The example is simple.
First, you need a QGridLayout - this makes a matrix.
I used labels, line edit and buttons all from QtGui: QLabel, QLineEdit and QPushButton.
First into this matrix - named grid is Title and edit area named titleEdit.
This two is added to the grid - matrix with addWidget.
The next step is to put all the buttons into one array.
This array will be added to the grid matrix with a for a loop.
To make this add from array to matrix I used the zip function.
The zip function makes an iterator that aggregates elements from each of the iterable.
Also, I set the title to Calculator with setWindowTitle.
I have not implemented the part of the events and the calculation.
The main function will start the interface by using the QApplication.
The goal of this tutorial was the realization of the graphical interface with PyQt4.
This is the result of my example:

The SpeechRecognition python module - part 001.

First, you need to install the SpeechRecognition python module for Windows 10:

C:\Python27>cd Scripts
C:\Python27\Scripts>pip install --upgrade  --trusted-host  pypi.python.org  SpeechRecognition
Collecting SpeechRecognition
  Downloading SpeechRecognition-3.6.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl (31.8MB)
    100% |################################| 31.8MB 4.9MB/s
Installing collected packages: SpeechRecognition
  Found existing installation: SpeechRecognition 3.5.0
    Uninstalling SpeechRecognition-3.5.0:
      Successfully uninstalled SpeechRecognition-3.5.0
Successfully installed SpeechRecognition-3.6.5

The next step is the PyAudio python module:

C:\Python27\Scripts>pip install --upgrade  --trusted-host  pypi.python.org  PyAudio
Collecting PyAudio
  Downloading PyAudio-0.2.11-cp27-cp27m-win32.whl (49kB)
    100% |################################| 51kB 258kB/s
Installing collected packages: PyAudio
  Found existing installation: PyAudio 0.2.9
    Uninstalling PyAudio-0.2.9:
      Successfully uninstalled PyAudio-0.2.9
Successfully installed PyAudio-0.2.11

Also, this python module can be installed under python version 3.4.1:

C:\Python34\Scripts>pip install SpeechRecognition
Downloading/unpacking SpeechRecognition
Installing collected packages: SpeechRecognition
Successfully installed SpeechRecognition
Cleaning up...

The problem with Python 3.4.x version is PyAudio python module installation.
Anyway, I used the python 2.7.13 version to test this module with a simple python script:

import speech_recognition as sr
import os
print ("HELP: Set your microphone hardware on and try this script")
def active_listen():
    r = sr.Recognizer()
    with sr.Microphone() as src:
        audio = r.listen(src)
    msg = ''
    try:
        msg = r.recognize_google(audio)
        print (msg.lower())
    except sr.UnknownValueError:
        print("Google Speech Recognition could not understand audio")
    except sr.RequestError as e:
        print("Could not request results from Google STT; {0}".format(e))
    except:
        print("Unknown exception occurred!")
    finally:
        return msg.lower()
active_listen()

Just start your microphone hardware on and run the script.
Working well for me this test.

The development with python-instagram .

The python-instagram python module is a Python 2/3 client for the Instagram REST and Search APIs.
This python module requires httplib2, simplejson and six.
Instagram API uses the OAuth2 protocol for authentication, see docs.

C:\Python27\Scripts>pip install --upgrade  --trusted-host  pypi.python.org  

python-instagram
Collecting python-instagram
  Downloading python-instagram-1.3.2.tar.gz
Collecting simplejson (from python-instagram)
  Downloading simplejson-3.10.0-cp27-cp27m-win32.whl (66kB)
    100% |################################| 71kB 1.1MB/s
Requirement already up-to-date: httplib2 in c:\python27\lib\site-packages 

(from python-instagram)
Requirement already up-to-date: six in c:\python27\lib\site-packages 

(from python-instagram)
Building wheels for collected packages: python-instagram
  Running setup.py bdist_wheel for python-instagram ... done
 ...

Installing collected packages: simplejson, python-instagram
Successfully installed python-instagram-1.3.2 simplejson-3.10.0

Now about this python module:

C:\Python27>python.exe
Python 2.7.13 (v2.7.13:a06454b1afa1, Dec 17 2016, 20:42:59) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from instagram.client import InstagramAPI
>>> dir(InstagramAPI)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__',
 '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', 
'__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '_make_relationship_shortcut', 
'_make_subscription_action', 'access_token_field', 'access_token_url', 'api_name', 
'approve_user_request', 'authorize_url', 'base_path', 'block_user', 'change_user_relationship',
 'create_media_comment', 'create_subscription', 'delete_comment', 'delete_subscriptions',
 'exchange_code_for_access_token', 'exchange_user_id_for_access_token', 
'exchange_xauth_login_for_access_token', 'follow_user', 'geography_recent_media', 
'get_authorize_login_url', 'get_authorize_url', 'host', 'ignore_user_request', 'like_media',
 'list_subscriptions', 'location', 'location_recent_media', 'location_search', 'media', 
'media_comments', 'media_likes', 'media_popular', 'media_search', 'media_shortcode', 'protocol',
 'redirect_uri', 'tag', 'tag_recent_media', 'tag_search', 'unblock_user', 'unfollow_user', 
'unlike_media', 'user', 'user_followed_by', 'user_follows', 'user_incoming_requests', 
'user_liked_media', 'user_media_feed', 'user_recent_media', 'user_relationship', 'user_search',
 'x_ratelimit', 'x_ratelimit_remaining']

If you have an Instagram account then just log in into instagram developer website.
Then fill the issue about your website the phone number and what do you want to build for your application check your agreement with Instagram.
Now you need to use Register Your Application and finally on Register a New Client.
About Register Your Application you need to fill them with data for your application ( basic info: Description, Company Name, Website URL, Contact email).
Select the tab Security and disable the Disable implicit OAuth.

About the token authorizations:

Is given to you with this words:

basic – to read a user’s profile info and media

or needs additional permission:

public_content – to read any public profile info and media on a user’s behalf
follower_list – to read the list of followers and followed-by users
comments – to post and delete comments on a user’s behalf
relationships – to follow and unfollow accounts on a user’s behalf
likes – to like and unlike media on a user’s behalf
The next step is to get access token then you need to add http://localhost link into Security tag from Manage Client.
Use this URL to get the access token by pasting it into your web browser.
https://instagram.com/oauth/authorize/?client_id=[CLIENT_ID_HERE]&redirect_uri=http://localhost&response_type=token&scope=public_content
Into the browser, you will see one page with one button for Authorizing access.
Press this button and into your browser address bar you will get the access token like:
http://localhost/#access_token=################
A simple python script to test it.

from time import sleep
from instagram.client import InstagramAPI

client_id="zzzzz"
client_secret="sssssssssssss"
redirect_uri= "http://xxxxx"
access_token="eeeee"

api = InstagramAPI(client_id=client_id, client_secret=client_secret)
print dir(api)
print api.api_name

To deal with python and Instagram is not very easy for me.
The main reason comes from errors and the Instagram API development way.
Some simple tasks are very hard to do.