The beauty of Python: Some examples with os and sys modules - part 2

Today i will tell about sys and os modules.
The module os has OS routines for Mac, NT, or Posix depending on what system we're on.
The module sys provides access to some objects used or maintained by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.

Some useful functions with sys module.

>>> print sys.version
2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct  5 2008, 19:24:49) 
[GCC 4.3.2]
>>> print sys.version_info
(2, 5, 2, 'final', 0)
>>> print sys.subversion
('CPython', 'tags/r252', '60911')
>>> print sys.platform 
linux2
>>> print sys.ps1
>>> 
>>> print sys.ps2
... 
>>> print sys.prefix
/usr
>>> print sys.path
['', '/usr/lib/python2.5', '/usr/lib/python2.5/plat-linux2', '/usr/lib/python2.5/lib-tk',
'/usr/lib/python2.5/lib-dynload', '/usr/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages',
 '/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Numeric',
'/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/PIL', '/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gst-0.10',
 '/var/lib/python-support/python2.5', '/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', 
'/var/lib/python-support/python2.5/gtk-2.0']
>>> print sys.modules.keys()
['apt.os', 'email.iterators', 'apport.sys', 'random', 'apport.atexit', 'subprocess',
 'email.MIMEImage', 'gc', 'apport.pwd', 'os.path', 'encodings.encodings', 'email.mime',
 'email.MIMEText', 'xml', 'email.time', 'struct', 'tempfile', 'base64', 'apt.cache',
 'pyexpat.errors', 'apt_pkg', 'apport', 'email.binascii', 'email.Parser', 'zipimport',
 'apport.xml', 'xml.dom.copy', 'encodings.utf_8', 'apt.apt_pkg', 'email.quoprimime',
 'email.mime.text', 'email.urllib', 'email.FeedParser', 'signal', 'email.encoders',
 'pyexpat.model', 'apport.packaging_impl', 'apport.cStringIO', 'quopri',
 'email.Message', 'cStringIO', 'zlib', 'locale', 'email.charset', 'apport.fileutils',
 'xml.parsers.expat', 'atexit', 'email.quopriMIME', 'encodings', 'email.Generator',
 'apport.warnings', 'apport.problem_report', 'apt.fcntl', 'email.MIMEAudio', 'urllib',
 're', 'apt.select', 'email.quopri', 'apport.report', 'email.mime.base', 'email.errors',
 'email', 'math', 'fcntl', 'apport.os', 'apt.progress', 'UserDict', 'exceptions',
 'apport.grp', 'apport.shutil', 'codecs', 'xml.dom.domreg', 'email.Header', '_locale',
 'email.Iterators', 'socket', 'thread', 'traceback', 'apt.apt', 'e,
 'SUDO_COMMAND': '/bin/su', 'SUDO_GID': '999', 'SDL_VIDEO_CENTERED': '1',
 'PWD': '/home/mint/Desktop', 'COLORTERM': 'gnome-terminal', 'MAIL': '/var/mail/root'}
mail.Charset', 'xml.dom.xmlbuilder', 'os', 'marshal', 'apport.stat', 'apport.re',
 'apt.gettext', 'email.uu', '_sre', 'unittest', '__builtin__', 'apport.apport',
 'xml.parsers', 'apport.fnmatch', 'apport.urllib', 'operator', 'xml.parsers.pyexpat',
 'email.Errors', 'select', 'apt.string', 'apport.glob', 'apt.warnings', 'email.socket',
 'posixpath', 'email.base64MIME', 'errno', '_socket', 'binascii', 'email.Utils',
 'sre_constants', 'email.MIMEMessage', 'email._parseaddr', 'email.sys',
 'apport.traceback', 'apt.package', 'apt.random', 'xml.dom.NodeFilter',
 'email.MIMENonMultipart', '_codecs', 'apport.unittest', 'apport.apt', 'email.os',
 'email.utils', 'pwd', 'apport.time', 'copy', '_struct', '_types', 'email.email',
 'apt.cdrom', 'uu', 'xml.dom.minidom', 'apport_python_hook', 'apt', 'email.random',
 'posix', 'encodings.aliases', 'apt.sys', 'fnmatch', 'sre_parse', 'pickle', 'copy_reg',
 'sre_compile', '_random', 'site', 'email.base64', 'apt.errno', '__main__', 'problem_report',
 'pyexpat', 'email.MIMEBase', 'email.message', 'string', 'email.mime.nonmultipart',
 'apport.subprocess', 'shutil', 'strop', 'grp', 'encodings.codecs', 'gettext',
 'email.warnings', 'xml.dom.minicompat', 'email.MIMEMultipart', 'types', 'apport.tempfile',
 'stat', '_ssl', 'warnings', 'encodings.types', 'glob', 'email.re', 'sys', 'email.Encoders',
 'readline', 'email.cStringIO', 'xml.dom', 'xml.dom.xml', 'apport.signal', 'sitecustomize',
 'email.mime.email', 'email.base64mime', 'email.mime.multipart', 'apport.packaging',
 'urlparse', 'linecache', 'email.string', 'apt.re', 'time', 'gzip']

And now, some useful functions with os module.

>>> print os.uname()
('Linux', 'mint', '2.6.27-7-generic', '#1 SMP Fri Oct 24 06:42:44 UTC 2008', 'i686')
>>> print os.ttyname(1)
/dev/pts/0
>>> print os.times()
(0.050000000000000003, 0.02, 0.0, 0.0, 17186002.649999999)
>>> print os.environ
{'USERNAME': 'root', 'LANG': 'en_US.UTF-8', 'TERM': 'xterm', 'SHELL': '/bin/bash',
 'XDG_SESSION_COOKIE': '842d38513df1a6bb7490c8a14bf69489-1274456064.963733-1686354756',
 'SUDO_COMMAND': '/bin/su', 'SHLVL': '1', 'RUNNING_UNDER_GDM': 'yes', 'SUDO_UID': '999',
 'SUDO_GID': '999', 'PWD': '/home/mint/Desktop', 'LOGNAME': 'root', 'USER': 'root',
 'COLORTERM': 'gnome-terminal',
 'PATH': '/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games',
 'MAIL': '/var/mail/root', 'SUDO_USER': 'mint', 'HOME': '/root', 'DISPLAY': ':0.0',
 '_': '/usr/bin/python', 'XAUTHORITY': '/home/mint/.Xauthority'}
>>> print os.mkdir('aaa')
None
>>> print os.mkdir('aaa')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in 
OSError: [Errno 17] File exists: 'aaa'
>>> print os.listdir('/')
['media', 'root', 'sbin', 'usr', 'lib', 'tmp', 'home', 'var', 'cdrom', 'etc',
 'rofs', 'bin', 'boot', 'dev', 'initrd.img', 'mnt', 'opt', 'proc', 'srv',
 'sys', 'vmlinuz']

These is just a brief tutorial about sys and os modules.

The beauty of Python: Simple functions - part 1

Validation of a condition and return result in 'Yes' or 'No'.

>>> def valid(x,y):
...     return ('Yes' if x==y else 'No') 
... 
>>> valid(2,3)
'No'
>>> valid(2,2)
'Yes'

Some usefull functions from string module .

>>> import string 
>>> var_template_string=string.Template(" The $subj $vb $something")
>>> var_template_string.substitute(subj="PC", vb="working", something="now")
' The PC working now'
>>> some_string_dictionary={'subj':'car', 'vb':'is', 'something':'blue'}
>>> var_template_string.substitute(some_string_dictionary)
' The car is blue'
>>> some_string_dictionary

Some example with re module and html tag

>>> import re
>>> t='<p>'
>>> some_tag = re.compile(r'<(.*?)(\s|>)')
>>> m = some_tag.match(t)
>>> print m
<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0xb7f79da0>
>>> dir(m)
['__copy__', '__deepcopy__', 'end', 'expand', 'group', 'groupdict', 'groups', 'span', 'start']
>>> print m.start()
0
>>> print m.groups()
('p', '>')
>>> print m.group()
<p>
>>> print m.span()
(0, 3)

The re module has many usefull functions.
This is just some examples to show the simplicity of python language.

Python and OpenGL - first steps

First you need to install python .
Second you need to install pyopengl module.
This is easy if we use some linux distributions.
On Fedora we can use command yum.
On Debian and Ubuntu we can use apt-get.
At last we need some basicaly examples.
We can get some examples from:PyOpenGL-Demo
But this is not all we will need more.
To go on next step we will need to read OpenGL specifications.
Try to use search on internet to see more about OpenGL.

How to display the "%" in python ?

I saw something interesting on the internet.
How to display the "%" in python.
I found so far two methods:

>>> print "See %d%%" % (0.77 * 100) 
See 77%
>>> print "See {0:.0%}".format(0.77)
See 77%
>>> 

Where is Santa Claus?

I wrote a python module. I called it "geo" because it is a geographic module.
The funny stuff is when i use it with "Santa Claus".

>>> import geo 
>>> geo.adress("Santa Claus")
{'status': '200', 'latitude': '32.1715776', 'longitude': '-82.3315138', 'accuracy': '4'}

So where is Santa Claus ?!
Google Maps API should be prepared to respond.
Tomorrow a child will know how to use the Python language.
Who knows ...

Parsing feeds - part 1

From time to time I used conky. Is good for me, because i have all i need on my desktop.
How helped me python in this case?
For example i use one script to parse a feed from this url:
"http://www.bnro.ro/nbrfxrates.xml"
The example is simple to understand :

from xml.dom import minidom as dom
import urllib
def fetchPage(url):
a = urllib.urlopen(url)
return ''.join(a.readlines())

def extract(webpage):
a = dom.parseString(webpage)
item2 = a.getElementsByTagName('SendingDate')[0].firstChild.wholeText
print "DATA ",item2
item = a.getElementsByTagName('Cube')
for i in item:
if i.hasChildNodes() == True:
eur = i.getElementsByTagName('Rate')[10].firstChild.wholeText
dol = i.getElementsByTagName('Rate')[26].firstChild.wholeText
print "EURO  ",eur
print "DOLAR ",dol

if __name__=='__main__':
webpage = fetchPage("http://www.bnro.ro/nbrfxrates.xml")
extract(webpage)

The result is:

$python xmlparse.py
DATA  2010-02-04
EURO   4.1214
DOLAR  2.9749

With "urllib" package I read the url.
The result is parsing with functions from "dom" package.
I used this functions "parseString" and "getElementsByTagName".
More about this functions you will see on:
http://docs.python.org/library/xml.dom.minidom.html
This is all.

How to resize images .

Sometimes it is necessary to resize the images. The PIL module is used for image processing.The glob module takes a wildcard and returns the full path of all files and directories matching the wildcard.
Here are two scripts that I made.
The first is a simple example using a resize after some dimensions.
In this case we used size 300x300.

from PIL import Image
import glob, os
size_file = 300,300
for f in glob.glob("*.png"):
   file, ext = os.path.splitext(f)
   img = Image.open(f)
   img.thumbnail(size_file, Image.ANTIALIAS)
   img.save("thumb_" + file, "JPEG")

In the second case I tried to do a resize with proportion preservation.

import glob 
import PIL
from PIL import Image
for f in glob.glob("*.jpg"):
 img = Image.open(f)
 dim_percent=(100/float(img.size[0]))
 dim_size=int((float(img.size[1])*float(dim_percent)))
 img = img.resize((100,dim_size),PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS)
 if f[0:2] != "trumb_":
  img.save("thumb_" + f, "JPEG")

In both cases we use a renaming of files by adding the name of "thumb_".
Ambele scripturi pot fi modificate asa cum vreti.
Aceste scripturi demonstreaza cum sa folosim celor doua module "PIL" si "globe".

New book for kids with Python 3

Few days ago i found a new site about python .
I saw on this site the a new book about python for kids .
This is the link "Snake Wrangling for Kids".
The author says:

• “Snake Wrangling for Kids” is a printable electronic book, for children 8 years and older, who would like to learn computer programming. It covers the very basics of programming, and uses the Python 3

GTK - get display resolution

Sometime is need to get the display resolution.
This python code show how to do it:

>>> import gtk
>>> dgd=gtk.gdk.display_get_default()
>>> gsd=dgd.get_default_screen()
>>> height=gsd.get_height()
>>> width=gsd.get_width()
>>> print "height=",height,"width=",width
height= 1024 width= 1280

Quite simply ...

MD5 - password generator

Why do we need this script?
Internet is full of generating MD5.
The Internet has and dictionaries for decrypting md5.
So safe is our script.
You must use the code line:

p = md5.new ()

otherwise if you use:

pass = md5.new ()

you get the following error:

>>> pass = md5.new()
File "", line 1
pass = md5.new()
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

pass is a python keyword.
You'll need a different name for the variable.
And now to see the code:

import md5 
p = md5.new()
p.update("password")
p.hexdigest()
'5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99'

This is all you need.

Pyglet - simple example

First i wanted to make a simple example. Then I saw George Oliver googlegrups question. This made me change my little script.Official Site address is: www.pyglet.org.
Documentation of this module is to: www.pyglet.org/documentation.html.
There is also a Google group for this mode where you can ask questions.
My example does nothing more than:
- Create a fereasta;
- To put a background color;
- Displaying an image.
Image i use it, name it "20000.jpg" is this:

Put in folder with your script.
In the future I will come with more complex examples.
Change the following sequence of lines of code example:

  win.clear ()
  img1.blit (5, 5)

You will see that the order matters for pyglet.
Who studied OpenGL knows why.

import pyglet
from pyglet.gl import *
#set colors with red,green,blue,alpha values 
colors = {
            'playfield' : (255, 255, 255, 255),
            'red' :       (255, 0, 0, 255,0),
            'sub_red' :   (255, 50, 20, 255),
            'green' :     (0, 255, 0, 255),
            'sub_green' : (20, 255, 50, 255),
            'blue' :      (0, 0, 255, 255),
            'sub_blue' :  (20, 50, 255, 255)} 
#give img1 the place of image 
img1= pyglet.image.load('20000.jpg')
#w , h the size of image 
w = img1.width+15
h = img1.height+10
# create the 640x480 window size
win = pyglet.window.Window(640, 480, resizable=True, visible=True)
#or use next line to see with size of image 
#win=pyglet.window.Window(width=w, height=h)

# set caption of window
win.set_caption("TEST")
#use * to unpack tuple and set background color 
pyglet.gl.glClearColor(*colors['red'])

@win.event

def on_draw():
 win.clear()
 img1.blit(5, 5)
# to run application 
pyglet.app.run()

If you use the code line:

win = pyglet.window.Window(640, 480, resizable=True, visible=True)

you see:

If you use the code line:

win=pyglet.window.Window(width=w, height=h)

you see:

Random words from lists and text

Sometimes it is necessary to choose random words from lists or texts.
Example below illustrates this:

import random
list_input = """ Apple
 Crabapple
 Hawthorn
 Pear
 Apricot
""".strip().split("\n")
text_input = "This is a text without newline char".split()
print "List is =", list_input
print "---------------------------------------"
list_result = random.choice(list_input)
print "Random list result is =", list_result
print "---------------------------------------"
print "Text is =", text_input
print "---------------------------------------"
text_result = random.choice(text_input)
print "Random word result is =", text_result

We have two variables "list_input" and "text_input" containing a list of words separated by newline char and a simple string ending in newline char.
Its separation is made with function ".strip ()" .
This function separates the items in the list after this particular bracket expression. The result of the expression in brackets vanishes from the list.
The result of scripts is :

List is = ['Apple', ' Crabapple', ' Hawthorn', ' Pear', ' Apricot']
---------------------------------------
Random list result is =  Pear
---------------------------------------
Text is = ['This', 'is', 'a', 'text', 'without', 'newline', 'char']
---------------------------------------
Random word result is = is

How to use "try" ... "except"

Any program will be given over to error checking.
Python provides an exception handling capability.
There are two parts : "error checking" "catching exceptions".
Now let's try a simple example:

>>> try :
...     input_str = int(input ("string "))
... except StandardError :
...     print " This is not a number"
... 
string 12
>>> try :
...     input_str = int(input ("string "))
... except StandardError :
...     print " This is not a number"
... 
string aaa
 This is not a number

The code :

input_str = int(input ("string "))

The code readed input will be convert in integer .
If types a value that's not an integer, the exception is caught.
In this case will print " This is not a number ".
This is very important because it generates more errors while running a program.
So, simply try to perform you action, and define what's to be done.
On except block if the action you want can't be completed.